"Ground-Glass Opacity on CT scan:
Ground glass opacification (GGO) is seen as increased opacification of lung without obscuration of the bronchial and vascular markings [1,2]. GGO can represent partially filled alveoli, active inflammation, or fine fibrosis below the resolution of CT images [2].
A:
Alveolar proteinosis
Acute chest syndrome
Acute lung transplant rejection
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Acute interstitial pneumonitis
B:
Blood (Etiologies of pulmonary hemorrhage include: Goodpastures syndrome, Wegeners granulomatosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, Vasculitis, Anticoagulation, Blunt or penetrating trauma)
Bronchiolitis obliterans oganizing pneumonia (BOOP)
Bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
Bronchoalveolar lavage
C:
CMV (Herpes simplex and pneumocystits)
Contusion
Cancer (Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma)
D:
Drug toxicity
Desquamtive interstitial pneumonitis
E:
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Eosinophilic pneumonia
Edema
F:
Fibrosis
G:
Granulomatous disease (Sarcoid)
I: Infection
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
REFERENCES:
(1) AJR 1997; 169: 355-367
(2) AJR 2005; Miller WT, Shah RM. Isolated diffuse ground-glass opacity in thoracic CT: causes and clinical presentations. 184: 613-622
"
"ligaments of the foot:
Injury: anterior talofibular ligament > calcaneofibular ligament > posterior talofibular ligament."
"Grading for chondromalacia patella quoted from:
http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/encyclopedia/chondro/chondro.html#threea
I Softening and swelling
II Fissuring
III Fibrillation ("crab meat" appearance)
IV Erosive changes and exposure of the subchondral bone
Grade I
Chondromalacia patella begins with oedema of the cartilage and this cartilage
is very easily damaged. Microscopically there are small fissures in the
cartilage and the chondrocytes appear normal. (Vigorita and Morgan, 1995).
Reid, 1992, also notes the cartilage will feel spongy when probed and describes
this as the classic blister lesion.
Grade II
Outerbridge, in Vigorita and Morgan, 1995, describes grade II fissures in the
cartilage as being no greater than 1.3cm in area, while Reid, 1992, adds that
the fissures do not extend into subchondral bone at this stage.
Grade III
Fissuring and fragmentation and fibrillation, which extends to the subchondral
bone can now be seen, but this degeneration covers less than 50% of the patella
(Reid, 1992). Vigorita and Morgan, 1995, note that chondrocytes also become
effected in this stage of degradation and they not only become hyperactive but
also degenerate. This is necrosis of the cartilage and some chondrocytes may
even become fibrous (Vigorita and Morgan, 1995).
Grade IV
Both Reid, 1992 and Vigorita and Morgan, 1995, note the now chondromalacic
changes extend into bone and involve more than half of the patella surface. Now
osteoarthritic-sclerotic changes take place and osteophytes are formed
(Vigorita and Morgan, 1995).
"
"Grading of osteochondritis dissicans:
Grade 1 - Positive radiograph and intact articular surface
Grade 2 - Articular injury noted at arthroscopy
Grade 3 - Loose lesion (stays within crater)
Grade 4 - Loose fragment within joint
"
"classification of TFCC injuries is as follows:
from: http://www.medicine.ucsd.edu/bonepit/Classifications/Classifications% 20home.htm
Class 1: Traumatic
•A - Central perforation
•B - Ulnar avulsion
•C - Distal avulsion
•D - Radial avulsion with or without sigmoid notch fracture
Class 2: Degenerative (ulnocarpal abutment syndrome) stage
•A - TFCC wear
•B - TFCC wear with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia
•C - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia
•D - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia and LT ligament
perforation
•E - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia, LT ligament
perforation, and ulnocarpal arthritis
"